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Real-time and accurate precipitation estimation is critical for environmental protection and water resources management. Compared to traditional methods, i.e., radar reflectivity (Z) and rainfall rate (R) relations, relying on local raindrop size distributions, the deep learning model can fit the functional relationship between radar observations and rainfall rate measurements. However, the black-box nature of deep learning models makes it difficult to explain the physical mechanisms behind their results. To address this problem, this study proposes DQPENet, a deep learning model for polarimetric radar QPE utilizing dense blocks. We employ a permutation test to understand the relative importance of different radar data input variables. Additionally, we propose a regression importance value (RIV) method for the precipitation estimation task to visualize feature importance regions. Our experimental results show that radar reflectivity and specific differential phase at the lowest elevation angle are the two most important observables for the model’s precipitation estimation. Furthermore, we find that radar data closer to the rain gauge are more influential on the model’s results, indicating that the deep learning model is able to capture the underlying physical mechanism of atmospheric data.